水肥管理对春小麦产量和根际土壤肥力特征的影响

Effects of Water and Fertilizer Management on Yield of Spring Wheat and Fertility Characteristics in Rhizosphere Soil

    摘要
  • 摘要: 为确定灌漠土带田春小麦高产的水肥管理模式,本研究采用裂-裂区的试验方法研究了灌溉定额(4 500 m3·hm-2、6 000 m3·hm-2和7 500 m3·hm-2)、绿肥(不种绿肥和种植绿肥)、化肥(不施化肥和施用化肥)及其交互作用对春小麦产量和根际土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,增加灌溉定额能显著增加春小麦产量,与4 500 m3·hm-2的灌溉定额相比,6 000 m3·hm-2和7 500 m3·hm-2的灌溉定额对春小麦产量的增加幅度为7.73%和9.99%。与不施化肥相比,施用化肥对春小麦的增产幅度为132%。绿肥和化肥之间的交互作用对春小麦产量的影响极显著,种植绿肥和施用化肥条件下春小麦产量最高,为2 639 kg·hm-2;种植绿肥和不施化肥条件下春小麦产量最低,为987 kg·hm-2;两者相差167%。随灌溉定额的增加,春小麦根际土壤速效氮和速效钾含量呈极显著降低的趋势,含水量和pH值呈极显著增加的趋势。种植绿肥能显著提高土壤的速效氮、有机质和含水量,能极显著降低土壤的pH值。施用化肥能极显著提高土壤的速效氮、速效磷和含盐量,能极显著降低土壤的速效钾、含水量和pH值。灌溉定额与化肥之间的交互作用对土壤速效氮含量的影响表现显著,4 500 m3·hm-2的灌溉定额和施用化肥条件下土壤速效氮含量最高,7 500 m3·hm-2的灌溉定额和不施化肥条件下土壤速效氮含量最低,两者相差80.6%。依据本研究得出的灌漠土带田春小麦高产的最佳水肥管理模式为:6 000 m3·hm-2的灌溉定额、种植绿肥和施用化肥相结合。此管理模式下的带田春小麦产量为2 667 kg·hm-2,根际土壤速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质、含水量和pH值分别为106 mg·kg-1、34.7 mg·kg-1、93.6 mg·kg-1、23.3 g·kg-1、11.5%和8.29。

     

    Abstract: Using a split-split plot design, we studied the effects of irrigation quota (4 500 m3·hm-2, 6 000 m3·hm-2 and 7 500 m3·hm-2), green manure (green manure and no green manure) and chemical fertilizer (chemical fertilizer and no chemical fertilizer) on yield of spring wheat and fertility characteristics in rhizosphere soil, and developed a water and fertilizer management model for high yield of strip spring wheat in irrigated desert soil region. The results showed that spring wheat yield increased significantly with increasing irrigation quota, the increasing extent of 6 000 m3·hm-2 and 7 500 m3·hm-2 were 7.73% and 9.99% compared with 4 500 m3·hm-2, respectively; the yield increasing extent with chemical fertilizer was 132% compared with no chemical fertilizer. The interaction between green manure and chemical fertilizer on spring wheat yield was significant; the highest yield of 2 639 kg·hm-2 was achieved under the interaction between green manure and chemical fertilizer, and the lowest yield of 987 kg·hm-2 was achieved under the interaction between green manure and no chemical fertilizer, with the difference of 167%. Available N and K in rhizosphere soil decreased significantly with increasing irrigation quota, while water content and soil pH indicated a significant increasing trend with increasing irrigation quota. Green manure increased soil available N, organic matter and water content and decreased soil pH significantly. Chemical fertilizer increased soil available N and P and decreased soil available K, water content and pH significantly. The interaction between irrigation quota and chemical fertilizer on soil available N was significant; the highest available N content was observed under 4 500 m3·hm-2 plus chemical fertilizer, and the lowest content was observed under 7 500 m3·hm-2 plus no chemical fertilizer, with the difference of 80.6%. The optimal water and fertilizer management model for high yield of spring wheat in irrigated desert soil region was with 6 000 m3·hm-2 of irrigation quota and green manure combined with chemical fertilizer; the corresponding spring wheat yield was 2 667 kg·hm-2, and the available N, P, K, organic matter, water content and pH in rhizosphere soil were 106 mg·kg-1, 34.7 mg·kg-1, 93.6 mg·kg-1, 23.3 g·kg-1, 11.5% and 8.29, respectively.

     

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