施肥对不同杂粮作物连作土壤化学特性及酶活性的影响
Effects of different small grain crops and fertilizations on soil nutrients and soil enzyme activities
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摘要: 土壤化学特性和酶活性与施肥水平密切相关，是衡量土壤肥力状况的重要指标。本研究以黑土区连续四年种植豆科作物(绿豆和红小豆)和禾本科作物(高粱)的施肥定位试验为研究平台，选取不施肥、施化肥和施有机肥3种施肥处理，分析施肥对不同杂粮作物的土壤有机质、pH、土壤养分含量和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明，施肥降低了连作杂粮作物土壤pH值，但与不施肥相比差异不显著，禾本科植物土壤pH降低的幅度高于豆科作物土壤。连作绿豆的土壤中，与不施肥相比，施化肥处理增加了土壤全氮、碱解氮、全磷和速效磷含量，分别显著增加了18.4%，23.1%，21.7%和67.2%;施有机肥显著增加了土壤全氮和速效钾含量，且显著高于施化肥处理。连作红小豆的土壤中，与不施肥相比，施化肥显著增加了土壤速效磷和速效钾的含量，有机肥显著增加了土壤速效钾含量。连作高粱土壤中，与不施肥相比，化肥施用显著增加了土壤碱解氮含量而显著降低了速效钾含量，有机肥施用显著增加土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量。土壤酶活性方面，除施化肥处理下连作红小豆土壤磷酸酶活性低于连作高粱外，其他相同施肥处理下种植豆科作物的土壤蔗糖酶活性、脲酶活性和磷酸酶活性均高于高粱土壤，种植高粱土壤过氧化氢酶活性高于豆科作物。因此，施肥和杂粮作物种类均是影响土壤化学特性和土壤酶活性的重要因素。Abstract:
Soil chemical characteristics and enzyme activity are closely related to crop types and fertilizations, which are important indexes to soil fertility.In order to determine the effects of different small grain crops and fertilizations on soil pH, nutrient contents and soil enzyme activities in black soil area, leguminous crops (mung bean and red bean) and gramineous crop (sorghum) after four-year continuous cropping with 3 fertilizations including no fertilizer, chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer were examined.The results showed that fertilization reduced the soil pH of 3 small grains, but no differences were observed among treatments.The reduction of soil pH in gramineous crop was higher than that of legumes.In mung bean planting soil, the contents of total nitrogen (TN), available nitrogen (AN), total phosphorus (TP) and available phosphorus (AP) significantly increased 18.4%, 23.1%, 21.7% and 67.2% compared with no fertilizer application, while organic fertilizer application significantly increased soil TN and available potassium (AK) contents than that of chemical fertilizer application treatment.In red bean planting soil, chemical fertilizer significantly increased the content of soil AP and AK, and organic fertilizer application significantly increased the content of soil AK compared with no fertilization.In sorghum planting soil, chemical fertilizer application significantly increased the content of soil AN but reduced the content of soil AK, while organic fertilizer significantly increased the content of soil AN, AP and AK.In terms of soil enzyme activities, except the lower soil phosphatase activity in red bean than that of sorghum under chemical fertilizer treatment, the activities of sucrase, urease and phosphatase in leguminous crops soils were higher than that in sorghum soil under the same fertilization.The catalase activity of sorghum soil was higher than that of leguminous crops.Therefore, fertilization and types of small grain crops are both important factors affecting soil chemical properties and soil enzyme activities.
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