Abstract: Understanding the effects of seasonal changes of long-term fertilization on the physical and chemical properties of red soil and maize yield under double cropping maize system, and identifying the driving factors of yield change can provide theoretical support for cultivated land quality and rational fertilization in this area. In this study, we selected four treatments including no fertilizer (CK), chemical fertilizer alone (NPK), fresh pig manure alone (OM) and chemical fertilizer combined with fresh pig manure (NPKM) based on a long-term specific fertilization experiment on dryland red soil set up in 1986; and explored the effects of different fertilizations on soil physical and chemical properties in 0 ~ 20 cm and 20 ~ 40 cm depth after harvest of double-cropping maize and maize yield. The results showed that compared with CK treatment, NPKM treatment significantly decreased soil bulk density in 0 ~ 40 cm soil layer at maturity of spring maize and autumn maize. The content of large aggregates (>250 μm), the mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates, the contents of soil nutrients such as pH, SOC, available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP) and available potassium (AK) were significantly increased, and the yield of spring and autumn maize was increased by 6.1 fold and 15.1 fold, respectively. Compared with CK treatment, soil bulk density of 0 ~ 20 cm soil layer in NPK treatment increased by 1.13% and 2.49%, while pH decreased by 0.22 and 0.48 units in spring and autumn maize, respectively. Compared with NPK treatment, in 0 ~ 20 cm soil layer, OM and NPKM treatments decreased soil bulk density by 2.5% and 3.2%, increased MWD by 20.9% and 43.6%, pH increased by 1.44 and 1.12 units, and increased SOC by 22.0% and 41.2%, respectively. The soil layer of 20 ~ 40 cm also showed a similar pattern, and the yield of double season maize increased by 1.2 ~ 6.8 fold. The results of random forest model showed that SOC content in 0 ~ 20 cm soil was the most important factor affecting maize yield, while AK and AP in 20 ~ 40 cm soil were the most important factors affecting spring maize yield and autumn maize yield, respectively. Fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer can improve the structure of dryland red soil, and increase soil nutrient content and crop yield, which can maintain high and stable crop yield and farmland quality.