Abstract: Colloid is an important carrier of phosphorus migration and transformation in the environment. Soil colloidal phosphorus plays an important role in the biogeochemical cycle of phosphorus, and its activation and migration impact the soil and water environment. This paper introduces the classification of colloidal phosphorus, separation and analysis techniques; and elaborates the effects of colloidal phosphorus activation, soil basic physical and chemical properties including mineral composition, other colloidal elements, soil pore structure, pH, and redox potential, the use of fertilizers and soil conditioners on the environment in the latest research. For the current problems such as soil colloidal phosphorus loss, relevant countermeasures and prospects are proposed. This review may provide reference for future colloidal phosphorus research and colloidal phosphorus pollution control.