Abstract: Understanding the geographic distribution and driving factors of soil microbial communities in the black soil belt of Northeast China is of great scientific value for the effective and sustainable management of this valuable land resource. In this paper, we collect a total of 72 plough layer soil samples in 24 corn farmlands from the typical black soil belt. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) method is used to quantitatively estimate soil microbial community composition, and mechanical learning algorithms including random forest and hierarchical segmentation analysis are used to explore the relative contributions of environmental factors to the microbial geographical distribution. The results show that the biomass of total microbes and microbial groups in the corn farmland of the typical black soil belt exhibit an increased spatial distribution pattern from south to north. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil total nitrogen (TN) are the main factors that drive the latitudinal distribution patterns of microbial biomass and the composition of microbial communities. These factors are closely related to other environmental factors, particularly soil clay content (CC), which collectively influence the composition of soil microbial communities within the black soil belt of Northeast China.