限制红壤旱地芝麻产量提高的关键土壤肥力因子探究

Study on the key soil fertility factors limiting the improvement of sesame yield in red soil upland

    摘要
  • 摘要: 本研究在第四纪红黏土发育的红壤上，种植10个芝麻品种（赣芝5号、赣芝9号、青麻、金黄麻、武宁黑芝麻、玉山黑芝麻、豫芝11号、丰城白芝麻、中芝13号和樟树褐芝麻），研究不同生育期土壤化学性质和土壤酶活性的动态变化及其与芝麻产量的关系。结果表明，随着芝麻生育进程的推进，土壤pH、有效磷、有效锌、纤维素酶和脲酶活性呈升高趋势。与苗期相比，各指标花期分别升高4.1%、19.4%、15.4%、11.1%、21.4%，成熟期分别升高3.3%、12.9%、13.0%、70.4%、11.3%。有机质、全氮、速效氮含量和蛋白酶活性呈降低趋势，花期分别降低8.2%、1.7%、30.3%、17.1%，成熟期分别降低9.0%、5.8%、33.2%和30.3%。速效钾含量和酸性磷酸酶活性呈先升高后降低趋势，花期分别升高23.3%、10.7%，成熟期分别降低20.6%、3.5%。有效硼含量、蔗糖酶活性呈“V”型变化，花期有效硼含量降低41.4%，成熟期升高7.3%；花期蔗糖酶活性降低25.8%，而成熟期与苗期无差异。与苗期相比，β-葡萄糖苷酶活性在花期未产生显著差异，但成熟期却降低了33.5%。土壤有效锌、速效钾、有效硼、速效氮和有效磷含量、纤维素酶和蔗糖酶活性在芝麻生育期间和品种间变化较大，而土壤全氮、有机质、pH值、β-葡萄糖苷酶、蛋白酶、酸性磷酸酶和脲酶活性在芝麻生育期间和品种间则相对稳定。苗期土壤速效氮含量和蛋白酶活性，花期土壤有效硼含量和纤维素酶活性，以及成熟期土壤pH值与芝麻产量呈显著正相关关系。因此，注重芝麻基肥的氮肥投入，花期喷施硼肥，同时施用石灰等碱性物质或其他措施阻控土壤酸化是红壤旱地芝麻产量提高的关键。

     

    Abstract: The dynamics of soil chemical properties and enzyme activities at different growth stages as well as their relationships with sesame yield were examined with 10 sesame varieties (C1-C10). The results showed that with the development of sesame, soil pH, the contents of available phosphorus (AP) and available zinc (AZn), and the activities of cellulose and urease increased by 4.1%, 19.4%, 15.4%, 11.1% and 21.4% at the flowering stage, and increased by 3.3%, 12.9%, 13.0%, 70.4% and 11.3% at the maturity, compared with seedling stage, respectively. The contents of organic matter, total nitrogen (TN), available nitrogen (AN) and protease activity decreased by 8.2%, 1.7%, 30.3% and 17.1% at the flowering stage, and 9.0%, 5.8%, 33.2% and 30.3% at the maturity, respectively. Available potassium (AK) content and acid phosphatase activity initially increased by 23.3% and 10.7% prior to the flowering stage and then decreased by 20.6% and 3.5% till the maturity, respectively. Available boron (AB) content and sucrase activity showed a "V" type change. The AB content decreased by 41.4% at the flowering stage but increased by 7.3% till maturity; while sucrose activity had a 25.8% of decrease at the flowering stage, and no difference till maturity compared with the seedling stage. There was no difference in β-glucosidase activity between the seedling and flowering stage, but the activity decreased by 33.5% till maturity. In addition, the contents of AZn, AK, AB, AN and AP, as well as the activities of cellulase and sucrase varied among genotypes and growth stages; while soil pH, TN and organic matter contents, and the activities of β-glucoside, protease, acid phosphatase and urease were relatively stable. Among these fertility factors, soil available nitrogen content and protease activity at the seedling stage, soil available boron content and cellulase activity at the flowering stage, and soil pH value at maturity were positively correlated with yield. Therefore, the strategies to increase sesame yield in the red soil include increasing input of basal nitrogen fertilizer before seeding, spraying borax fertilizer at the flowering stage, and applying alkaline substances such as lime or other measures to increase pH or prevent further acidification of the red soil.

     

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